Brunei
A tiny country with a small population, Brunei was the only Malay state in 1963 to choose to remain a British dependency rather than join the Malaysian Federation. It became independent in 1984 and, thanks to its large reserves of oil and gas, now has one of the highest standards of living in the world. While oil and gas exports account for the bulk of government revenues, reserves are dwindling and Brunei is attempting to diversify its economy. It markets itself as a financial center and as a destination for upmarket and eco-tourism.
Brunei’s ruling royals, led by the head of state Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, possess a huge private fortune. Since 1962 the sultan has ruled by decree. In 1991 the Sultan introduced a conservative ideology called Malay Muslim Monarchy, which presented the monarchy as the defender of the faith. Apparently aimed at pre-empting calls for democratization, it is said to have alienated Brunei's large Chinese and expatriate communities. In a rare move towards political reform, an appointed parliament was revived in 2004. The constitution provides for an expanded house with up to 15 elected MPs, but no date has been set for elections.
Brunei's financial fortunes have wavered. Shares and other assets were hit by the crash of the Asian financial markets in the late 1990s. In 1998 Prince Jefri's Amedeo conglomerate collapsed, leaving massive debts and precipitating a financial scandal.
A country of dense forests and mangrove swamps whose people enjoy high subsidies and pay no taxes, Brunei is highly dependent on imports. Despite its immense wealth, most of the country outside the capital remains undeveloped and unexploited.
About two-thirds of the people of Brunei are ethnic Malays, and these benefit from positive discrimination. The Chinese comprise about 16% of the population. There are also Indians and indigenous groups, of whom the Murut and Dusuns are favoured over the Ibans.
Crime levels are low (see “Crime” below).
Public protests and demonstrations are illegal and do not occur.
Local laws reflect the fact that Brunei is a Muslim country. Show respect for local customs and sensitivities at all times, especially during the holy month of Ramadan or if you intend to visit religious areas. Dress modestly, especially in or near places of worship.
Any public criticism of His Majesty The Sultan or other members of the Bruneian Royal Family is strongly discouraged.
The legal system in Brunei is partly based on Sharia law and can, in certain circumstances, apply to non-Muslims including visitors. Ensure that no one has access to your luggage, as possession of even very small quantities of drugs can lead to imprisonment or the death penalty.
The sale of alcohol in Brunei is prohibited. Non-Muslims may import (duty free) two bottles of wine or spirits and twelve cans of beer on every entry into Brunei, but must declare them to Customs on arrival. Keep the Customs slip in case of inspection.
In the autumn months, seasonal smoke haze affects air quality and visibility in Brunei, potentially affecting aviation.
It is easy to get lost when visiting the rainforest. Use only recognized and well-known guides, and be sure to stay on the footpaths.
